The results suggest that cannabis may be beneficial in the context of HIV when other substances are not concomitantly used.Between 2012 and October 2021, 19 states in the US, along with Washington DC and Guam, legalized recreational cannabis use, a policy change associated with increased consumption at the population level. Policy changes such as recreational legalization are considered to be positive social cues that are likely to increase cannabis use among adults, however, there has been little research assessing the effects of this normalization. Although the prevalence of cannabis use is highest for younger adults, cannabis use prevalence has more than tripled among adults aged 50–64, and has nearly doubled among adults aged 65years and older. In Canada, nearly half of Baby Boomers, born between 1946 and 1964, reported using cannabis for recreational purposes only, a smaller proportion reported using both recreational and medical cannabis , and the smallest share reported medical cannabis use only. In the US there is widespread acceptance of cannabis use, which is generally perceived to be harmless. In California, legalization of medical cannabis in 1996 was associated with greater prevalence of cannabis use by adults, including among those in the Baby Boomer generation. Increased use in this group may be related to historical trends; people in this generational cohort were young adults and adolescents during a time when the predominant counterculture accepted and arguably encouraged cannabis use. People may consume cannabis in an effort to treat certain medical conditions , and longitudinal research suggests that people who did not use cannabis prior to recreational legalization and who initiated cannabis use after the establishment of recreational retail sales may be seeking to treat medical conditions, potentially in response to increased ease of purchasing, the widespread availability of comparable products, and to avoid regulatory restrictions imposed on holders of medical cannabis cards. Although medical cannabis can be less expensive than recreational cannabis,grow table older adults in particular have reported difficulty obtaining it due to provider unwillingness to prescribe and the cost of obtaining medical cannabis cards.
As a result, older adults have reported using recreational dispensaries to obtain medical cannabis. Although cannabis may be used for medical purposes, there are also associated health risks. A 2018 systematic review found that older adults that used cannabis only were significantly more likely to report major depression and serious suicidal thoughts, more likely to report other substance use and subsequent health risks attributable to substance use, and more likely to report engaging in risky behaviors, including driving under the influence. Cannabis use is associated with and may interact with physical and cognitive efects associated with aging, including fall risk, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and mental health disorders such as dementia. In addition, some research suggests people aged 65years and older favor edibles, which can contain variable and sometimes extremely high levels of THC that may lead to psychosis and could exacerbate or negatively affect the trajectory of preexisting mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Public health research suggests that cannabis legalization, whether recreational or medical or applicable to personal use or retail sales, has led to increased consumption, yet more data is needed to assess the magnitude, timing, and predictors of these effects. Substance use has historically declined with aging , but substance use is also driven by generational trends. Since 1999 there have been calls for research on the prevalence of substance use among Baby Boomers as a cohort given their historically higher rates of use, the possibility of reduction in use over time due to age effects, and potential interactions with age-related health conditions. Although existing research suggests that Baby Boomer cohort effects will result in increased prevalence of cannabis use, models of prevalence have not previously considered the potential effects of recreational legalization in this cohort, focusing instead on medical cannabis. Past research has noted that identifying predictors of cannabis use, which can include policy changes, is critical to developing interventions for vulnerable populations.California was the first state to legalize medical cannabis use in 1996 and the effects of medical legalization were well established when the state permitted recreational use in 2016, although there was no change to the retail market until 2018. In 2018, 164 recreational retail dispensaries began selling cannabis to adults in California, and most of these dispensaries were licensed and began selling cannabis on January 1st of that year. After January 2018, few additional dispensaries were licensed to sell cannabis before mid-2019,providing a clear demarcation of the change in access to cannabis.
In this study we assessed the prevalence of cannabis use among Baby Boomers in California before and after the implementation of recreational retail cannabis sales, a policy change we anticipated would be associated with increased use due to cohort effects. We also assessed factors associated with cannabis use in this cohort.Te California Health Interview Survey is the nation’s largest state-level health survey and is conducted using computer-assisted telephone interviews in six languages: English, Spanish, Chinese , Vietnamese, Korean, and Tagalog. Data collection relies on a random-digit-dialing with the aim of contacting participants by 50% landline and 50% mobile phone numbers. CHIS explicitly seeks a sample that is representative of the state’s total population, estimated to be over 39 million in 2019. Te survey includes all 58 California counties, and geographic stratification accounts for population size and demographics, making it possible to obtain valid estimates for smaller ethnic and racial groups. CHIS data fles include population weights based on the State of California Department of Finance estimates, adjusted to remove those living in group quarters, who are excluded from data collection. Each annual wave of data collection includes approximately 20,000 Californian residents. Detailed documentation on study methodology is available from the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. Te survey includes questions on a range of health topics.All participants studied were adults ; we specifcially considered Baby Boomers, defined as those born between 1946 and 1964, and compared them to adults in other generations. Our three primary outcomes of interest were cannabis use, and included whether respondents had ever used cannabis, had used cannabis in the past 30days, or had formerly used cannabis but did not currently use it. Use variables were identified from the following questions: “Te next questions are about marijuana also called cannabis or weed, hashish, and other products containing THC. There are many methods for consuming these products, such as smoking, vaporizing, dabbing, eating, or drinking. Have you ever, even once, tried marijuana or hashish in any form? How long has it been since you last used marijuana or hashish in any form? During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use marijuana, hashish, or another THC product?” We coded these variables as binary indicating that a respondent had ever used cannabis if the answer to was yes and currently used cannabis if the answer to was greater than zero. We defined former cannabis use to exclude “infrequent users” identified in previous research as those who might consume cannabis less often than once per year ; as a result, respondents were classified as having formerly used if their reported prior use of cannabis was at least 15years ago. We used reported year of birth to assign participants to generations .
To assess potential predictors of cannabis use we included variables associated with cannabis use in prior research. These were self-reported sex , race/ethnicity , education , household income , asthma diagnosis , retired , unemployed status , disabled , smoking history , overweight status , felt nervous most or all of the past 30days , felt depressed most or all of the past 30days , and experienced psychological distress in the past 30days . Te exact questions and answer categories underlying these variables are provided in the Supplement.We used code provided by CHIS to pool multiple cycles of data and create population weights accounting for the multi-year flews; the concatenation for our analysis only involved data of the same jackknife coefficient. CHIS only included questions in the 2017 and 2018 fles that were asked in identical format. Although item missing rates during data collection range from 0.5 to 5.6%,4×8 grow table with wheels variables do not contain missing values as CHIS imputes values when respondents do not provide a valid response. We used population-weighted logistic regression to test the hypothesis that the population prevalence of Baby Boomers using cannabis in California would increase after implementation of recreational retail cannabis sales in 2018, relative to non-Baby Boomers. We compared differences in the prevalence of cannabis use before and after this policy change; our primary outcomes were ever use of cannabis, use in the past 30days, and former use. We also used population-weighted multivariate logistic regression to identify whether known factors associated with cannabis use were predictive for Baby Boomers, non-Baby Boomers, and all adults sampled in both years. For the multivariate regressions we conducted sensitivity analyses by conducting analyses for each year separately as well as both years together. All statistical analyses were completed using Stata 17.Although previous research has noted the overall increase in prevalence of cannabis use after legalization, it has been less clear how this change will afect different parts of the population, including older adults who face different health risks relative to younger adults due to a higher prevalence of comorbid conditions that could be either exacerbated or addressed by cannabis use. Our findings compared prevalence of cannabis use and risk factors associated with use among Baby Boomers before and after legalization of recreational commercial cannabis sales in California. Although individuals may use cannabis for medical purposes, cannabis use in older adults is also associated with health risks and it is possible that increased awareness of these risks reduced the likelihood that Baby Boomers would transition to recreational cannabis.
However, previous research conducted in Colorado and the San Francisco Bay Area found that Baby Boomers may preferentially purchase cannabis in recreational dispensaries for medical use, a result that is inconsistent with this interpretation.We also found that although many of the predictors identified in past research as associated with cannabis use were significant when considering adults overall, few predicted reported cannabis use among Baby Boomers. Despite past research identifying potential associations between cannabis use and gender, race and ethnicity, education, employment status, and existing health conditions,among Baby Boomers, for the measures we considered, only a history of smoking was associated with cannabis use in the past 30days or with former use of cannabis. It is unclear what drives these differences. Individuals categorized as Asian American in previous studies, for example, reported lower rates of cannabis use than other groups in the population, which we did not observe in our sample. This finding might reflect differences among populations aggregated into the category “Asian American” that could be more apparent in California, where the share of the population represented by people typically categorized this way is relatively large.Although this research relied on a large, representative sample, the survey relied on self-report by those choosing voluntarily to participate and who are accessible by telephone, and the results were not externally validated, raising the possibility that responses were inaccurate due to sampling, recall, or social desirability bias. CHIS surveys were conducted continuously throughout 2017 and 2018; as a result, some respondents had only experienced legal recreational retail cannabis sales for a brief period. Te fact that almost all recreational dispensaries active in 2018 opened on January 1st mitigates this concern to some extent, nonetheless, these findings may change over time as the market becomes more established. In addition, the prevalence of cannabis use increased for non-Baby Boomers, indicating that our failure to identify an association between increased prevalence of cannabis use and recreational retail sales was specific to Baby Boomers. CHIS data consists of repeated cross-sectional surveys, meaning that we could only observe changes at the population level, rather than for specific individuals. Data limitations also meant that we could not account for every known potential predictor; this includes measures of alcohol use, which were not asked in these survey years. In addition, measures of cannabis use did not indicate mode of consumption , dosages, or whether any or all cannabis use was prescribed by a health care provider.