Hemp Growing

Weeds control by chemical method, aiming balance shifting of the agro-ecosystem in favor of cultivated crop, which proved to be relatively more efficient and economical. The efficacy of herbicides, however, depends more upon their formulation in addition to time, methods and rates of application . It was concluded from an experiment that hand weeding and mixture of herbicides Puma super 75 EW and Buctril-M 40 EC showed better results for controlling winter weeds .  while evaluating 5 post-emergence herbicides alone at recommended doses and in combination with DMA-6 for weed control in wheat concluded that herbicide application suppressed weed population effectively. Dosanex + DMA-6 and Arelon provided the best weed control. However, Dicuran M.A. 60 WP + DMA-6 produced the maximum grain yield. DMA-6 alone and in combination with Dicuran M.A. 60 WP was more economical than all other herbicidal treatments.  investigated the effect of different graminicides used at varying levels and concluded that lesser dose of Topik15WP is required for the control of wild oat as compared to Puma Super 75 EW. The maximum weed efficiency was noted for Isoproturon 50 WP while minimum value  was observed for Aim 40 DF . These results are in line with who reported that herbicides application effectively controlled weeds.

These findings are also in conformity with those of , who reported that herbicides significantly reduced weed density. Similarly,stated that Puma Super 75 EW @ 1.25 L·ha–1 gave maximum control of narrow-leaved weeds in wheat out of varying herbicides applied at different doses. The best performance of Isoproturon 50 WP and other herbicidal applications could be attributed to the best control of weeds due to minimal weed competition which caused an increased flow of nutrients towards the grain and ultimately yield was increased. These results are supported by . They reported that herbicidal treatments significantly increased the grain yield in wheat. The maximum number of tillers m–2 was noted for Isoproturon 50 WP whereas minimum number  was reported in weedy check. These results showed that maximum weed control enhanced the production of fertile tillers m–2 which subsequently contributed towards the increase in wheat yield. These results are in agreement with the work of  who obtained an increase in tillering with the application of different herbicides. The low yield  in weedy check plots indicated that weeds utilize maximum resources of the main crop which ultimately reduced the crop yield. These results are in conformation with those of , who applied Puma Super 75 EW and Topik 15 WP at different doses to control Avena fatua in wheat crop and reported that lesser dose of Topik 15 WP and higher dose of Puma Super 75 EW was required to control this weed. Wheat is the most important cereal crop in the USA, where it was planted on 23 million ha in 2012 .

Most of the wheat grown in the USA is winter wheat . Kansas state ranks first in winter wheat cultivation  in the USA . Winter wheat is not a good competitor with some broadleaf weeds even when wheat emerges before weeds . Common weeds found in winter wheat in the US are blue mustard , cannabis grow tray henbit , flixweed , bushy wallflower , field pennycress , wild buckwheat , shepherd’s purse , and pinnate tansymustard.Their interference can cause significant yield reduction in winter wheat. Season-long competition of 11, 33, and 98 blue mustard plants·m−2 reduced wheat grain yields by 28%, 42%, and 51%, respectively . Conley and Bradley reported yield reductions of 13 and 38% because of henbit interference at 82 and 155 plants·m−2 , respectively. Northam et al. also reported wheat grain yield loss of 48% with 221 henbit plants·m−2 . Bushy wallflower at 272 plants·m−2 reduced wheat yields by 25% . Hence, winter annual broadleaf weed control is very important for successful wheat production. For more than two decades acetolactate synthase -inhibiting herbicides have been primary herbicides used in winter wheat, however continuous usage of those herbicides led to selection of ALS-inhibitor resistant weeds. Currently 126 ALS-inhibitor resistant weed species have been reported worldwide; 45 in the USA . Bushy wallflower and flixweed, two common broadleaf weeds in winter wheat, were reported ALS-inhibitor resistant in 2005 and 2006, respectively in Kansas . Rotating herbicides with different modes of action can avoid selection for weeds biotypes that are resistant to certain herbicides. Hence, there is a need for herbicides with alternative modes of action to ALS-inhibitor herbicides in wheat.Pyrasulfotole inhibits 4-hydoxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase  and blocks the pathway of prenylquinone biosynthesis in plants .

Bat optimization algorithm is inspired by biology and is a heuristic method for solving difficult optimization problems. It represents an attempt to simulate the behavior of bats to hunt prey and the algorithm was presented by the research Yang in Bat Algorithm is based on the bat community, which is flying through the search solutions space in a specific or special order to find the best areas. Each bat element represents one solution in  dimensions of the search space. The solutions are evaluated based on the appropriate value and using the given fitness function . For example, the dimensions  are a real value for the optimization solution space. Each solution represents a bat, and evaluation is done using the given fitness function. There are also two real values of the dimension  of vectors associated with every bat in society . The first vector is the value of the real value and represents the location of the bat in the solution to the search space. The second vector is the real value vector and represents the velocity in all directions of dimensions . The location and velocity of the vectors randomly configured at the beginning of the algorithm.

On each occurrence the appropriate value of each element in the bat group is calculated by the given fitness function. The new velocity vector is calculated on the basis of the relative distance from the best and current solution in society. Later, the position of all the bats is updated according to the speed vector. At the end of each iteration, the best solution is created and used as a new reference point, and the search space continues to be explored until the stopping condition is met. Usually, this condition is the maximum number of iterations or improvements in the best solution . One of the creations of animal life studied by many zoologists is the echo-locating  of bats . There are a few other animal groups that also have echo-positioning capabilities such as birds , whales, outdoor cannabis grow dolphins, and small insects, but this is very rare. This behavior of bats began by Lazzaro Spallanzani in . Then the term “echolocation” was introduced by Donald Griffin in 1944 with the ability of bats to produce sound with echoes beyond the frequency of human hearing and using it for general guidance in the dark and finding prey at night with echo location, bats emit ultrasound pulses with either a modified frequency  or fixed frequency  and sometimes a mixture of the two Tonal signals produced in the larynx  are emitted in short bursts through the mouth or gills .

Suga in  described that the reflected sounds were in a state of Doppler pressure or transformation which made the received resonance at a higher frequency than previously produced sound. Bats can determine the object and distance by measuring the modified echo reflection time When bats begin to search for prey in the research phase, they emit pulses at a low rate around the 10 Hz frequency . During the approach phase, where bats discover and approach prey, the pulses must be shorter to prevent interference . The shorter pulses cause a decrease in time between the pulse and echo. Also at this moment, the pulse emission rate gradually increases to 200 beats per second as bats continue to update the prey site . Suga  states that the pulse emission rate increases because bats need to produce more signals to accurately follow prey as the angular position of prey changes more quickly due to the closer distance between the bat and the object. In the last stage , the frequency of the emitted pulses increases by more than 200 Hz and the pulse emission rate becomes faster in only a small fraction of a millisecond long before the prey is caught .

A colony of bats has two exclusive approaches to avoid colliding with one another while echo locating . This behavior mostly applies to vampire bat types such as regurgitation from blood meals from successful bats to feed them to their useless member in the colony as a response to the meticulously balanced energy budget of each member of the colony . Wilkiuson discovered  that surviving altruistic behavior grows in survivors so that his fitness is relatively high to non-recipient, and mutual altruism also occurs during community nursing . Several researchers built algorithms by hybridizing common and difficult problems with the NP-Hard. Researchers have therefore worked in recent years to hybridize algorithms with normal and difficult problems and have achieved the best results by applying hybrid problems. The real purpose of the hybridization process is to obtain general and varied solutions that can deal with problems in the real world.

At harvest , Common Lambsquarter plants of up to 1.8 m height were observed in the control treatment, linked to a very low CCL and associated, also, with a very low WSI. When weeds emerge together with the crop and are not controlled, crop competition ability is very low, as already found by Nelson and Thoreson , who determined reductions in yields of 54% when weeds emerged together with the crop and reductions of 16% when they emerged 3 weeks later; allowing the crop to better compete with them. When Clomazone 1.6 was applied, there was not an adequate control of Common Lambsquarter and Spiny Cocklebur, then CCL and WSI were low, when compared with the Clomazone 2.0 or the Clomazone + Metribuzin combinations . Lake Kyoga is a large shallow lake in Uganda of about 1720 km2  in area with mean depth of 3.6 m and maximum depth of 6 m About 9.3 million people inhabit Lake Kyoga Basin and their major economic activity is agricultural productivity  practiced by 85% of the population Fishing is also carried out on the lake by an estimated 200,000 people and the lake is used for inland water transport as well as source of water for drinking and other domestic uses for most of the inhabitants in the lake basin Unfortunately, Lake Kyoga has been invaded by the free-floating aquatic weed, giant Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell with a high potential to infest the numerous satellite lakes in Kyoga Basin .

Therefore, there is an urgent need to collect baseline data and information on the extent of S. molesta infestation in the Kyoga Basin lakes . Salvinia molesta belongs to Order Hydropteridales, Family Salvinanceae and genus Salvinia with about 12 species which are all native to South America Salvinia molesta formally existed only in South America, but since the 1940s the weed has been dispersed by humans to different tropical and subtropical countries in Africa, Asia, and Australia   as well as USA in the recent years . The plant is known by a number of common names such as giant Salvinia, Kariba weed, aquarium water moss, water fern, and giant azalea etc. These names often reflect the environment the weed inhabits or its invasiveness The weed is called “Nankabirwa” by locals in Uganda,vertical grow system due to lack of a native name . The free-floating S. molesta weed comprises of an underneath horizontal rhizome which lies close to the water surface . It has two types of leaves attached to each node of the rhizome. The submerged leaves of S. molesta are modified to perform the function of roots as the weed does not have true roots . S. molesta exhibits several morphological variations ranging from slender floating plant with less than 15-mm wide leaves to a robust plant having leaves up to 60-mm wide brought about by crowding and nutrient availability in the habitat The weed is capable of spreading easily over water bodies using its floating structures and even survives in unfavourable environments using the most suitable growth form .

It seemingly produces only sterile spores, hence reproduces entirely by vegetative means which can be extremely rapid under suitable conditions . For instance, S. molesta can double in biomass in 2 to 3 days under favourable conditions . This enables S. molesta to out-compete other plant species and completely cover the water surface with mats as thick as 1 m . Salvinia molesta has been recently added onto the list of the world’s 100 most invasive species and ranks second to water hyacinth  Solms-Laub.The thick mat also severely reduces dissolved oxygen content  in aquatic ecosystems sometimes resulting into fish kills For the case of Lake Kyoga, the thick mats of S. molesta on the lake  have hampered activities such as abstraction of water by surrounding communities, watering of domestic animals, docking and boat take-off, bathing and swimming . Fortunately S. molesta weed has been successfully managed in other countries e.g. lake Moondara, Australia where the weed had threatened the biodiversity and the life of the lake . Studies in Australia showed that successful management of Salvinia molesta is achieved through integrated control strategies combining herbicide spraying, biological control agents and mechanical removal including the containment of the weed to keep some areas free of S. molesta . However, the best management practices for Salvinia in Africa can be found from those countries  where the weed is non-native but has apparently not led to major disruptions to use of water resources  as well as Senegal, Mauritania  and South Africa  among other countries where successful control by biological agent  was achieved. The use of Cyrtobagous salviniae biological agent to control S. molesta in these countries was based on the outstanding success of Cyrtobagous salviniae in Australia and Papua New Guinea  Nevertheless, planning a management strategy for S. molesta involves identification of the source of the infestation, mapping the infestation, identification and minimising sources of nutrients entering the water body .

H1: Individual marijuana use will increase with the number of friends who use marijuana H2: Individual marijuana use will increase with peer- group acceptance of marijuana use Mauss situates marijuana experimentation within the context of college preparation, arguing that many university-bound high school students begin use before matriculating to assist in the cultural assimilation process . Conversely, Brown finds that college students cease marijuana use following graduation, citing social pressures of work, family, and social integration as key causal factors . Yamaguchi and Kandel use cross-sectional event history analysis to demonstrate that marijuana use is negatively related to marriage and becoming a parent, yet positively related with separation/divorce. Since this study’s sample will consist entirely of marijuana users, I expect that the average level of education will be higher than the general population, and that more individuals will be single and childless than the general population.Do licensed medical marijuana users differ from their illegal counterparts in their rationalizations for using the drug? The universe of possible reactions to marijuana are multifaceted and, often, mutually contradictory; Goode’s qualitative study of users illustrates this phenomenon well . Reinarman et al. provide the lone scholarly attempt at identifying characteristics of medical marijuana users .

Using a sample of 1746 patients from nine separate medical marijuana clinics in California, the authors find that Blacks and Native Americans use at higher rates than other ethnic groups, while Latinos and Asians have lower rates of use . Use is heaviest in the 25 44 year age range, and males made up 73% of the sample. Chronic pain suppression and improved sleep were the most commonly cited uses/benefits of marijuana reported by subjects . Other conditions/uses of medical marijuana included relaxation, muscle spasms , headaches , anxiety , nausea , and depression . Studies of non-medical use suggest two dominant views by users: 1) the drug is perceived to stimulate creative thinking,cannabis grow equipment particularly among artists, musicians, and writers, and 2) users consume it to relax and experience euphoria. Weil et al., in the first controlled study of marijuana use, found that self-reported feelings of well-being were improved with consumption of the drug, and that the intensity of these feelings was dose-dependent.Rather than being distracted from personal problems of unusual sights, sounds, or tastes, such persons may experience marijuana as a confrontational drug, which focuses attention on the very aspects of self that are currently most troublesome .While there is pointed evidence indicating that the drug affects individuals in varying manners, the subjective experiences described by users also points to a methodological problem unaddressed by previous research: different varieties of marijuana tend to elicit different results.

Hillig and Mahlberg’s review and analysis of 157 different cannabis accessions lends credibility to the anecdotal evidence reported by users; genomically, drug cultivars of cannabis are limited to two subspecies of cannabis indica , with narrow leaf plants generally producing soaring mental euphoria in users and broad-leaf plants inducing a more lethargic, body-numbing effect . The wide variation in effect is attributed to different ratios of two key cannabinoids in these plants—THC and CBD—with low amounts of CBD in narrow leaf varieties and high amounts in broad-leaf plants. Plant-induced variations in experience aside, current evidence suggests that medical users of the drug will focus on symptom alleviation in an attempt to rationalize their use; non-medical users should report using for either creative stimulation/personal insight or simply to numb themselves from reality . Accessing hidden populations—a status marijuana users, producers, and sellers are relegated to in the United States—poses two unique challenges to investigators; as Heckathorn notes: First, no sampling frame exists, so the size and boundaries of the population are unknown; and second, there exist strong privacy concerns, because membership involves stigmatized or illegal behavior, leading individuals to refuse to cooperate, or give unreliable answers to protect their privacy . To address these concerns, researchers have tradition-ally relied upon snowball sampling, key informant sampling, and targeted sampling to investigate hidden populations. The shortcomings of each approach are detailed elsewhere, but the primary concern is derived from the lack of independence between observations, which is an unassailable artifact of snowball and targeted sampling . Heckathorn’s Respondent-Driven Sampling offers an elegant addendum to chain referral procedures by limiting the number of potential recruits that each respondent can bring into a research program and incorporating both primary and secondary incentive structures into the recruitment process .

Given the aforementioned literature, the present study aimed to examine correlates of marijuana use in a sample of Southeast U.S. college students. Specifically, we examined sociodemographics, other health risk behaviors , and psychosocial correlates in relation to marijuana use. The US Asian American population grew by 43% between 2000 and 2010, compared to a 9.7% growth in the general population, making Asian Americans the fastest growing racial group . Asian Americans are projected to constitute6.5% of the US population by 2025, and 9.3% by 2050 . The Asian American population is a heterogeneous group that includes at least 43 ethnic subgroups with different languages and dialects, immigration histories, religious beliefs, socioeconomic statuses, and traditional patterns for seeking health care. These social and cultural differences among Asian Americans may affect their psychiatric clinical manifestations, severity of mental health problems, access to health care,and treatment compliance and outcomes .Overall, the reported prevalence of mental illness is lower in the Asian American adult population compared to other ethnic groups .

Despite the lower risk of mental illness among Asian Americans, it is still important to investigate because recent studies have shown that Asian American patients were admitted to the San Francisco Psychiatric Emergency Services twice as frequently as European and Latino/a Americans. They showed significantly higher functional impairment based on their Global Assessment Functioning scores . In addition, a prevalence study showed that schizophrenia and psychotic disorders,cannabis grow lights which are severe and chronic types of psychiatric disorders, are more common among Asian American veterans than among African American and Latino/aveterans .Substance use studies have shown that Asian Americans are less likely to use substances and have a lower severity of drug use than European Americans . Of Asian Americans, Filipino/a Americans were reported to have the highest prevalence of substance use and cigarette smoking. Japanese Americans were found to have the highest number of alcohol related problems and binge-drinking episodes, followed by Filipino and Multi-Asian Americans including Korean and Chinese . Substance use within the Asian American population has largely been ignored, mainly due to the popularity of the model minority theory which paints Asian Americans as the exemplary racial/ethnic group, thus minimizing the perceived severity of the problems . Often, it is considered shameful within Asian cultures to have a family member with a mental illness or substance use problem, resulting in familial pressures to avoid seeking proper treatment.

Substance dependent Asian Americans have already been shown to underutilize available programs and treatment when compared to European Americans. Park, Shibusawa, Yoon, & Son found that the majority of Chinese Americans and Korean Americans referred to such treatment by the legal system denied having alcohol problems. Only five percent of the sample admitted to having alcohol problems. Very few of them had ever heard about the Alcoholics Anonymous program and none of them had ever attended the program. Similar results were found in another study that showed that Asian Americans utilized legal services more frequently than medical and psychiatric services related to their alcohol and drug use problems .Co-occurring substance use in persons with mental disorders is a common issue. About 18.5% of the adults with mental disorders met the criteria for substance use disorders, whereas only 5% of the adults without mental disorders met the criteria for substance use disorders . According to a recent epidemiology study, the prevalence of lifetime co-occurring substance use and mental disorder was about 7%.Depressive disorder was significantly related to higher rates of alcohol, stimulant, and opiate use, whereas schizophrenia and schizo affective disorder were significantly related to lower rates of alcohol, opiate, and poly substance use. In another national 10-year longitudinal survey,persons with major depression, anxiety disorder, and disruptive behavior disorder were at a significantly greater risk to start using illicit drugs during the follow-up period . Although there were subgroup psychiatric diagnostic differences regarding the prevalence of substance use, persons with mental disorders generally showed a higher prevalence of substance use.However, little has been done to study the coexistence of mental illness and substance use in the rapidly growing Asian American population.

The cotton area in Karaikal region is 134 ha. Rice-fallow cotton cultivation is a unique system of cultivation, wherein the cotton seeds are dibbled amidst the rice stubbles without tilling the soil to effectively utilize the residual soil moisture. Thus, in this system, cotton faces a severe competition from the early emerging weeds and weeds that are already present in rice field at the time of harvest. The problem of weed menace in rice-fallow cotton would be aggravated if the previous rice crop was not weeded adequately.Weed management during the early stages of cotton growth is more important. Hence, it is necessary to find out the critical period of crop weed competition to make weed control method more effective and economical. At 20 DAS, no weed dry matter production was recorded in weed free for specific period treatments whereas all weedy for specific period treatments recorded significantly higher and similar weed dry matter production . The highest dry weight of weeds was recorded in weedy up to harvest at all the stages followed by weedy up to 100 DAS except at 80 DAS, wherein weedy for 100DAS recorded the highest DMP. In weedy for specific period treatments, the total weed dry matter production increased up to 80 DAS and then decreased slightly. The weed dry weight increased with increase in the duration of weed infestation period and decreased with increase in the duration of weed free period.

The highest dry weight of weeds was observed in weedy up to harvest, throughout the crop growth period .This may be attributed to the highest population of the weeds observed in this treatment which could have effectively used the resources like water, nutrients and sunlight to produce higher dry mater. The weed dry weight was proportional to the density of weeds.This is evident from the significant positive correlation observed between the weed density and dry weight.From 40 DAS onwards ,marijuana grow system weed free up to 20 DAS recorded significantly higher weed dry weight than weedy for 20 DAS and was on par with weedy up to harvest indirecting that a weed free period of initial 20 DAS is insufficient to contain the weed growth. Maintaining the field weed free for first 40, 60, 80 and 100 days reduced the weed dry weight by 50, 72,96 and 97 percent, respectively. This indicates that the dry matter production by weeds can be reduced to half by maintaining the field weed free initial 40 days. Similar results were earlier reported by. Weed interference for only first 20 days caused no significant loss in seed cotton yield . When weeds were allowed to remain beyond 20 days or longer, the yield was reduced significantly. The LSD for seed cotton yield was 3.52 q or 13% of weed free check. By using this LSD = 13% we can see that the seed cotton yield was statistically at par with weed free check when weedy period last only up to initial 20 days and weed free period onward up to 60 days or more weed competition worked out to be between 20 and 60 DAS in rice fallow cotton and also used LSD to find out the critical period of weed competition observed that the critical period of rainfed cotton was 30 to 60 DAS. observed that the critical period for weed competition in irrigated cotton to be from 40 to 60 DAS.

However, maintaining the field weed free beyond80 DAS considerably reduced the seed cotton yield due to lower boll setting percentage. Season-long weed competition the seed cotton yield by 96.5 percent. The yield was found to decline at the rate of 6.019 kg·ha−1 for every kg of weed dry matter produced. The presence of weeds for the first 40 days caused 50.9% reduction in yield indicating that initial weed infestation was harmful to the crop. In contrast, crop initially weeds free for 40days recorded only 14.0% reduction probably because weeds emerged after days did not pose any adverse effects on crop yield. As the opioid epidemic continues, different approaches to pain management are required so as to reduce the amounts of opioid prescribed to patients suffering from chronic pain. One therapeutic option that has been considered is cannabis and multiple states today have instituted a medical marijuana program for different conditions, one of those being chronic pain. Marijuana exerts its effects through the endo-cannabinoid system which has 2 types of receptors: type 1 and 2cannabinoid receptors. CB1 mediates the neuropsychiatric effects of marijuana as the receptor is expressed in the central nervous system.CB2 is expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Multiple studies have demonstrated an association between marijuana legalization with reductions in rates of opioid overdose and opioid-related hospitalizations among other outcomes. In July 2014, the Compassionate Care Act was enacted in the state of New York allowing the establishment of a medical marijuana program to meet the needs of residents of the state.

Although a wide variation in traits was observed among cultivars, none of them gave satisfactory yield under aerobic conditions. Binadhan-5 emerged as the most productive, whereas BRRI dhan59 appeared as the most weed suppressive rice variety. The least productive cultivar was BRRI dhan55, which was closely followed by Binadhan-8and BRRI dhan58. Based on reports in earlier studies , the present study included a variety of commonly cited traits including plant height, tillering ability,early visual vigor, duration, and SPAD values. Significant variations among the varieties were recorded suggesting that selection based on those traits was practical.Plant height is considered as desirable characters for weed suppressive cultivars.Although plant height varied widely among the cultivars, early plant height i.e. height at 30DAS was strongly and negatively correlated with weed dry weight. Earlier and faster growth allowed the rice crop to compete with weeds for plant resources, and this was reflected in the crop yield.Early visual vigor or vigor index, a reliable predictor of crop biomass integrating both height and tiller number, is an important selection criterion for weed competitiveness. Vigor rating is rapid, non-destructive, less labor-intensive and reliable, and therefore a promising and feasible tool for making decisions on weed competitiveness.In this study, early visual vigor varied widely among varieties, and its strong correlation with other parameters confirms its acceptability.It has been reported previously that early season vigor is directly linked with the competitive ability of the crop and later in the crop growing season, it confers competition against weeds .

The SPAD meter provides a very easy, swift and non-destructive method for estimating relative leaf chlorophyll content.Higher SPAD values indicate greener healthier plants. The results showed SPAD values varied among the varieties. SPAD values were greatly reduced by weed interference and this was reflected in yield performance. Weed interference negatively and markedly affected all yield components which cumulatively impaired grain yield. The rice varieties used in the current research showed wide diversity in relative yield loss, which ranged from 43% to 82%. Weed biomass was strongly and negatively correlated with grain yield, indicating that weed suppressive ability can be combined with yield potential. Anwar et al.and McGregor et al.also observed a similar relationship. Weed interference negatively and markedly affected all yield components which cumulatively impaired grain yield. Weed biomass was strongly and negatively correlated with grain yield,cannabis grow tray and positively correlated with relative yield loss indicating that weed suppressive ability can be combined with yield potential. Medicinal plants are considered as an important source of secondary metabolites that usually have a number of biological functions. It has been reported that medicinal plants species possess strong allelopathic potential. Many researchers around the world are now showing their keen interest on medicinal plants for searching new natural plant products,. Islam and Kato-Noguchistated two reasons for this increasing interest: 1) the easier screening process of phytotoxic plants from medicinal plants and 2) the possibility to have more bioactive compounds in medicinal plants than other plants. Fu-jii et al.carried out the first comprehensive studies of allelopathic medicinal plants.

They evaluated 387 Japanese medicinal plants and observed that a considerable number of those have growth inhibitory potential . Azizi et al. examined 56 aromatic medicinal plants of 22 families from Iran for their allelopathic potential and found 51 species inhibited the seedling growth of lettuce. Gilani et al. also evaluated 81 medicinal plant species of Pakistan and reported 78 as allelopathic potential inhibiting the root growth of lettuce. Mardani et al.recently evaluated the allelopathic potential of 83 Iranian medicinal plants and observed more than 80% root growth suppression of lettuce by Peganum harmala, Berberis vulgaris, Artemisia aucheri and Ferulago angulata. Amini et al.investigated the allelopathic potential of 68 medicinal and wild plant species belong to 19 plant families grown in Iran. Since the inception of agriculture, different types of natural plant products have been used to control pests mainly insect and disease organisms. More evidences have been found in the world literature about the use of natural product as fungicides, insecticides, and other pesticides than as herbicides . Although natural product based herbicides for weed control strategies have not yet been as successful as like other pesticides, however, there have some notable success stories . Nowadays, the use of allelopathic medicinal plants has been suggested as a viable option for alternative weed management in sustainable agriculture . Yang and Tang , described two ways of plant utilization for weed management: 1) the active compounds are isolated, identified and chemically synthesized; if possible, these compounds or their active analogs are produced by the chemical industry, 2) plant tissue or a crude product of the plant, such as aqueous or organic extract is used directly.

Prior to assessing anti-inflammatory properties of cannabis extract, the ability of LPS to induce secretion of key cytokine-related factors  was assessed in dermal fibroblasts. After 24 h of LPS stimulation, dermal fibroblast conditioned media contained substantially elevated levels of cytokine IL-6 and chemokine IL-8  & Figure 7). Our results show that accumulation of the indicated cytokines in conditioned media of dermal fibroblasts was significantly suppressed by cannabis extract treatment confirming potential anti-inflammatory property of the high CBD cannabis extract preparation that may be considered to target chronic inflammation in prostate cancer. Prostate cancer cells are in general highly resistant to common chemotherapeutic agents and the presence of CSCs is suggested to contribute to chemo resistance. The ability to form spheres in non-adherent, serum free conditions is a key property of stem cells.In this study, prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was able to form spheroids in non-adherent culture, suggesting the presence of cancer stem-like cells within these cell lines. Because prostaspheres are enriched with CSCs , the inhibitory effect of cannabis extract on prostasphere formation supports that high CBD and low THC cannabis extract may be a potent agent in targeting or eliminating prostate cancer stem-like cells in vitro .

Recently, cannabinoids have received considerable attention due to their diverse pharmacologic activities such as cell growth inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects, and tumor regression. Our results suggest that treatment of androgen-responsive human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells resulted in a decrease in intracellular and secreted levels of PSA, with concomitant inhibition of androgen receptor, cell growth, and induction of apoptosis. The data also demonstrate that cannabis extract is capable of significantly suppressing the expression of specific pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine in human dermal fibroblast cells. The study explains usefulness of LPS-stimulated in vitro systems for the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of plant extracts using this methodological approach  . To conclude, the data presented in this paper provide further support for the concept that traditional medicines, such as cannabis, can be valuable additions to the modern therapeutic armamentarium, and non-habit-forming cannabinoid agonist which lack psychotropic activity may be used for the management of prostate cancer. Some studies have reported the application of marijuana in the treatment of HIV patients to improve their food intake and promote their appetite by increasing ghrelin and leptin hormones,and decreasing peptide tyrosine hormone responsible for appetite regulation.

In addition, the application of medicinal marijuana in management of coronavirus disease 2019 has been explored by a number of scientific studies.This disease had not found any medical cure by the time this review was done. Therefore in the search for a vaccination or cure, the application of Marijuana has been explored by scientists who have given preliminary findings showing that the plant may offer resistance to SARS-CoV-2 .The principle behind this is based on the fact that medicinal cannabis has been used to treat nausea and dementia, thus offering hopes that the angiotensin converting enzyme IIreceptor needed by the corona virus found in the lung tissues, oral and nasal mucus, and gastrointestinal tracts can be modulate dusing cannabis extracts and removed from the biological system in order to inhibit vulner ability against the virus and therefore reduce its infection risks .Furthermore, terpenes from cannabis have exhibited potent characteristics as antiviral agents with the ability to minimize the severity and impact of SARS virus by suppressing the protein responsible for RNA replication and thereby blocking the virus from penetrating the cells .

For instance, it has been emphasized that marijuana extracts can reduce or regulate serine protease TMPRSS2,mainly required by the SARS-Cov-2 in order to gain entry into the human host cells. Consequently, cannabis has been reported to be effective in the prevention and treating of COVID-19 even though there are limited scientific studies that have been performed to support or refute these assertions, especially the role played by cannabinoids towards viral therapy. Cannabis just like any other drug substance once taken into the body system it describes a systematic pathway from the time it gains entry into the body system up to the time it is excreted through series of biological activities that involve absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, all which are dependent on the drug bioavailability that determines the onset, duration and the intensity of effects manifested by the drug .

Radical-scavenging activities vary significantly in each type of test. The IC50 values of ABTS assay were weak than those of DPPH assay. This difference is attributed to the reaction mechanisms. Indeed, ABTS reacts simultaneously with hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds while DPPH reacts only with hydrophilic compounds of the analysed matrice. Extracts of Cannabis sativa and Pterocarpus soyauxii showed very low values, which testify to their more powerful scavenging radical effect. The flowering tops of Cannabis sativa were therefore shown to be more active, followed by the red wood of Pterocarpus soyauxii then the leaves of Chromolaena odorata, Senna alata, Mitracarpus villosus and Tetradenia riparia. This difference in activity can be explained by the qualitative and quantitative composition in phytochemicals of each extract. Previous studies reported the antioxidant capacities of some of studies plants. Chromolaena odorata was described to be a species with antioxidant capacities related to its flavanone compounds . Phenolic compounds such as astragalin, luteolin and diterpenoids compounds were identified to be responsible of antioxidant activity of Tetradenia riparia .

Certain constituents of Cannabis sativa, in particular cannabinoids are also responsible for this said activity. Cannabidiol is a major non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid that attracted a great attention for its therapeutic potential against different pathologies including skin disease by its many beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.The extract from the trunk of Pterocarpus soyauxii which proved to be very active after Cannabis sativa had an abundance of phenolic acids far superior to those of the others. Saha et al.  reported the antioxidant capacities of different fraction from the trunk  of Pterocarpus soyauxii which showed the best radical-scavenging activities.The antioxidant activities of these different parts of the species studied could correlate with their chemical composition. The antioxidant activity could be attributed to polyphenols. Polyphenols represent the most widespread secondary metabolites in the plant kingdom. They have several biological properties including the antioxidant capacities for which they are indicated in the management of various pathologies including skin infectious diseases .

The antioxidant potency is one of the most important properties of plant extracts. Since our body may not be producing enough antioxidants, it is necessary to use these antioxidant-rich ones every day to get rid of reactive species and therefore, cannabis grow equipment oxidative stress. Reactive Oxygen Species  induced by oxidative stress can ultimately lead to apoptotic or necrotic cell death, once accumulated they play a critical role in intrinsic aging and photoaging of human skin in vivo, thus suggested to be responsible for various cancers of the skin and other inflammatory skin disorders . Nowadays, the properties of polyphenols are widely studied in the field of cosmeceuticals where they are recognized as having antibacterial activities, the protective effects on skin aging.As antioxidants, polyphenols act by various mechanisms which are: the direct trapping of reactives oxygen species , the inhibition of the enzymes involved in oxidative stress and the chelation of the metallic traces responsible for the production of ROS as well as the protection of systems antioxidant defense . At present, UV irradiation is considered as one of the major threats to the biological populations worldwide. Indeed, it has been identified, that a long-term exposure to the UV radiation can cause pathogenesis of severe conditions on the skin, including photoaging, immunosuppression and skin cancers.

Therefore, phenolic compounds from marine and terrestre plants with specially UV inhibition properties and antioxidant properties may have a greater potential to incorporate as an ingredient in cos meceutical products  . Radical-scavenging activity is an indicator of the antioxidant activity of the different forms of use in traditional cosmetopoeia of these plant species. To the best of our knowledge, few reports exist on the antioxidant capacities of the red wood of Pterocarpus soyauxii known in DR Congo under the vernacular name of Ngola, whose wood is largely used for skin care , to heal, to color the skin and hair . Given the extent of its wide use in the manufacture of skin care products, further studies are needed, especially on cell models and in vivo to demonstrate its benefit of antioxidant effects on skin pathologies and to enhance its value. The antibacterial activity although null for all plant extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa is nevertheless stronger for the extracts of Cannabis sativa on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which correlates with the results obtained by Ali et al..

Supportive therapy serves as the mainstay of treatment during this phase . There is limited literature available on haloperidol as the standard of care in CHS. However, haloperidol has been widely used as an antiemetic for many years and has been described to provide symptom relief in some patients with CHS . This article presents the findings from a literature review on CHS. It discusses a female patient who was successfully treated for CHS with haloperidol given by mouth. A 34-year-old African American female presented to the emergency department with complaints of recurrent nausea and vomiting. Three days before admission, the patient reported having nausea and vomiting after smoking marijuana and was unable to keep any food down. The patient has had two previous admissions for the same symptoms. During those admissions, the patient was given on dansetron, metoclopramide, erythromycin, and promethazine with no relief of symptoms. The patient’s past medical history included Type 1 diabetes mellitus, gastroparesis, and hypertension. Her social history was significant for daily marijuana use, but she denied alcohol and tobacco.

The patient left the hospital against medical advice and was discharged on haloperidol 5 mg by mouth every 8 hours. The patient was given instructions regarding the diagnosis, expectations, follow-up, and return precautions. Unfortunately, despite counseling, the patient was not amenable to cannabis cessation at that time. She was also counseled on the importance of therapy adherence and following up with her primary care physician. Reports of CHS in patients have increased over the years,vertical grow rack despite the syndrome’s increasing prevalence, many physicians are unfamiliar with its diagnosis and treatment . This under-recognition may be due to the paradoxical use for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, the stigma associated with cannabis use, and the illegal status of cannabis in some areas leading to under-reporting of use. The frequency of emergency department visits and high hospital admission rates for CHS exemplify the difficulty in symptom management . The lack of knowledge and treatment recommendations regarding CHS compounds this issue. We report the first case of recurrent acute cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome sucessfully treated with haloperidol given both intramuscularly and orally. The Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale was utilized to assess the probability that the hyperemesis was related to cannabinoid use, and a total score of 6 was obtained. Diagnosis is determined through receiving a detailed medication history and a comprehensive physical examination.

In a recent systematic review conducted by Sorensen and colleagues, the following diagnostic characteristics and frequency of each were found: history of regular cannabis use for over one year , severe nausea and vomiting , vomiting that recurs in a cyclic pattern over months , resolution of symptoms after stopping cannabis , compulsive hot baths/showers with symptom relief , male predominance , abdominal pain , at least weekly cannabis use , history of daily cannabis use , and age less than 50 at time of evaluation  .

With >10 years of self-reported cannabis use, our patient experienced the following symptoms: severe nausea and vomiting that has recurred over many months in a cyclic pattern. Haloperidol is a drug primarily used for sedation, behavioral agitation, and as an antipsychotic. However, haloperidol has been used as an antiemetic for years, particularly in the anesthesia, general surgery, and oncology literature . Haloperidol is a butyrophenone antipsychotic that non-selectively blocks postsynaptic dopaminergic D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. The CTZ is located in the medulla oblongata and is exposed to toxins in the bloodstream, which triggers vomiting.The medication may decrease nausea and vomiting by blocking the dopamine receptors in the CTZ, thus reducing input to the medullary vomiting center. Early administration of haloperidol in acute episodes of CHS may reduce symptoms, minimize the time in the emergency room, and reduce the rate of hospital admissions . In 5 out of the 6 reported cases,haloperidol was given intramuscularly only  , and in one case, the route of administration was not provided . Also, interestingly only one of the cases was a woman  and our case makes two. In a recent analysis synthesizing findings from case reports found that men were overwhelmingly more likely to be diagnosed with CHS relative to women  .