Hemp Growing

Herbicides are widely used to manage weeds in dry seeded rice systems; however, herbicides alone cannot provide effective and season-long weed control. Therefore, there is a need to integrate herbicide use with other weed management strategies . The use of residue as mulch can sup- press weed growth to some extent in seeded rice, but the combined use of herbicide and mulch may suppress weeds more effectively. Therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of herbicide and mulch on weed growth and rice yield in a dry-seeded system. Brazil is not self-sufficient in rubber production so that any factor affecting latex extraction can be very deleterious to rubber production. Latex production by rubber trees can be affected by biotic factors such as microorganisms causing plant diseases and other factors increasing the timing to plants reach the maturity for latex extraction . In this way, weed interference is an important issue reducing plant growth and, in consequence, increasing the timing for plant maturity. Weed management during the establishment of commercial tree plantations is a major factor that contributes to improvement of the final yield. Development of a sound vegetation management strategy requires a definite and sequential plan of action .

A good understanding of the basic criteria involved in weed-tree interactions,growth-limiting factors, the minimum tolerable weed thresholds and an understanding of the best parameters of measurement are needed to delineate an appropriate management approach . Researchers have demonstrated that the width of weed control strips reflected in the growth of some trees, such as Coffea arabica and Eucaliptus spp. , but the effect depends on several factors, including weed composition, crop species,and the availability of environmental resources. In function of the importance and the lack of information on weed interference in rubber tree plantation, cannabis drying racks we performed this research aiming 1) to evaluate the growth of rubber tree plants submitted to different weed control strips and 2) to determine the critical width of weed control strip during the establishment of rubber tree plantation. Analyzing the rubber tree growth within each weed control strip during 720 DAP, the best adjusted equation was a logistic model, showing a high significance, normal distribution of residuals, and constant variance of residuals, being well-appropriated to describe the plant behavior and satisfying statistical conditions.This analysis shows the accumulated plant growth within each weed control strip during the whole experimental period. For both plant height and stem diameter, the interval of confidence of the equation parameters b,x0, and y0 was correspondent to all weed control strips, indicating no significant difference. However, the interval of confidence of the equation parameter a was not correspondent to all weed control strips, being also distinct for plant height and stem diameter.For plant height, the interval of confidence of the parameter a in the weedy condition was not correspondent to any weed control strip.

For stem diameter, the interval of confidence of the parameter a in the weedy situation and weed control strips of 50 cm and 100 cm was correspondent, but differing of weed control strips of 150, 200,250, 300, 350, and 400 cm. The parameter a indicates the difference between minimum and maximum values of the growth characteristics, so that higher a values shows a better or a greater plant growth of the rubber trees, as observed when weeds were controlled in larger widths. In this sense, analyzing the plant growth within each weed control strip, the weed control should be performed within strips of 50 cm and 150 cm for plant height and stem diameter, respectively.Analyzing the RGR during 720 DAP, in function of crescent weed control strips, the best adjusted equation was an exponential rising to maximum model, showing a high significance, normal distribution of residuals, and constant variance of residuals , being well-appropriated to describe the plant behavior and satisfying statistical conditions. So, we observed that RGR increased when weed control strips was extended,reaching a maximum value and then keeping constant.

The complexity of Cannabis sativa plant is defined by the presence of various compounds that induce psychoactive action on individuals who consume it.Currently, over 500 chemical compounds have been identified in marijuana with over 60 cannabinoids which generate more than 2000 compounds in marijuana smoke through a series of pyrolysis reactions. With an exception of the main psychoactive alkaloid in cannabis,other cannabinoids such as cannabidiol, delta-8-tetra hydrocannabinol and cannabinol, designated as 2, 3 and 4 in Figure 1, contribute to its pharmacological effects . The introduction of tetra hydrocannabinol into the biological system induces a number of effects characterized by alterations in memory, movement, mood,perception and cognition and in some cases increased dopamine release that ultimately produces euphoric sensations and anxiolytic effects . Cannabidiol forms almost 40% of the cannabis extracts from the Cannabis sativa plant and is mainly found in seeds, stalks and flowers of marijuana plant and offers antipsychotic and alerting properties when consumed and this forms the basis for its pharmaco-therapeutic effects .

When marijuana is smoked, these compounds find their way into the smokers’body system where they cause a series of disruptive effects among various organs including the pulmonary, respiratory and the central nervous systems .Even though there are minimal reported mortality cases arising from marijuana use among consumers, its increased illegal trading in black markets and consumption patterns precipitates concerns on its potential hazardous effects on human health especially its role as a precursor to cancer development not with standing that efforts made towards its cessation have been met by a push to legalize its use basically for medicinal concerns. Nevertheless, marijuana smoking has been recognized as a risk factor for a pulmonary function and respiratory complications by a number of systematic and epidemiological studies.The motivation behind this review is to examine the apparent harm and psychotic impacts arising from repeated use of this psychoactive drug substance and the scientific efforts advanced towards its cessation by reviewing selected published articles in different journals and databases. In addition, scientific efforts taken in order to reduce marijuana toxicity have also been evaluated in this survey. Moreover, marijuana legalization for medicinal purposes as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuro protective and anticonvulsant characteristics has grown in a number of states and nations in the world upon the assumption that it contains chemical compounds that have potency toward treating a number of illness and symptoms regardless of associated risks .

Therefore, the application of marijuana as a pharmaceutical drug has also been reviewed in this study especially its use in the management of the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2. These research findings may direct further research in promoting methods that can enhance cessation and control marijuana use and thereby promoting a healthy livelihood of the human race. The literature considered for this study is published in English language. After the search on the multidisciplinary databases and google scholar, a number of published reports on the subjects of interest especially on marijuana smoking, toxicity and carcinogenicity were the main search terms.From the surveyed literature, it can be predicted that in the pharmaceutical industry, cannabis is a potential opioid drug used for relieving pain among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, neurological issues and even HIV and AIDS patients who use it to aid in appetite restoration. In line with these characteristics,cannabis is likely to offer more benefits in the medical field if clear handling rules and control measures are ratified by more countries across the world. This will provide room for extensive scientific research on the medical benefits of Cannabis sativa. Figure 2 presents Marijuana leaves, whereas Figure 2 presents the plant Marijuana, respectively. Literature search was comprehensively conducted in search engines such as PubMed, Google scholar and online scientific electronic library from March 2020 to May 2020 in accordance with procedures formerly described by .The search was independent and solely done by selecting databases that included original articles published in peer-reviewed journals, books, thesis, dissertations,patents and other reports that covered Cannabis sativa dated until October 2020.

There are at least two possible sources of such variability.First, as with most cognitive tests, the participant is apt to develop test-taking strategies with repeated exposures to the same procedure. Benedict & Zgaljardicrefer to this as “test-specific” practice. Second,the participant’s state of health might be changed due to any external or internal factors acting before or during test performance, such as exposure to marijuana. Thus, it is advisable to conduct several repeated tests for each participant. We advocate repeating the test three times. Mathematical modeling of the learning curve offers a quantitative description of learning and memory abilities when a participant is exposed to marijuana or consumes a plant based product purported to improve learning and memory. Moreover, values of the model’s coefficients B3 and B4 give the opportunity to characterize short- and long-term memory status quantitatively. For this purpose, it is necessary to separate the initial set of B3 and B4 values into disjointed subsets.

When the model was applied to patients with multiple sclerosis, about half of the patients were shown to exhibit cognitive impairment . Thus, when working with patients suffering from multiple sclerosis,it is possible to obtain a spectrum from “normal memory status” to “severely impaired”. The multiples clerosis group included 365 patients with clinically defined multiple sclerosis and was tested with the CVLT-II . The raw learning data were modeled and the sets of B3 and B4 values were used for further analysis . Female and male sets of B3 values, as well as B4 values, were analyzed separately because it was shown that females scored significantly higher than males on the CVLT .SPSS 17 was used for cluster and discriminant analysis. Initial values of B3 or B4 were classified based on hierarchical cluster analysis. This procedure identifies relatively homogeneous groups of B3 or B4values, using an algorithm that starts with each value in a separate cluster, and combines clusters until only one is left. At each step, the two clusters separated by the shortest distance are combined. After separating raw coefficient values into six clusters of B3 values or six clusters of B4 values, discriminant analysis is applied to the clusters.

Discriminant analysis creates a linear function of B3 or B4 that provides the best discrimination between two samples, in particular, between neighboring clusters. With discriminant analysis, it is possible to calculate cut-off values B3 and B4 for assigning the obtained B3 or B4 value to one or another memory state level. In other words, the cut-off values allow the determination of to what extent the short- and long-term memory is impaired. The data were gathered at the Institute for Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg Russia between January and April, 2013. The research was conducted in accordance with the National Standard of the Russian Federation “Good Clinical Practice” with the permission of the Institutional Board on Biomedical Ethics of the Institute for Experimental Medicine. Participants were recruited from the Institute’s clinic who were undergoing drug rehabilitation and wanted to continue their treatment. Healthy volunteers were recruited from the surrounding area. Two groups were used. The first group was 15 healthy volunteers and was comprised of seven females within the age range of 22 – 27 years old and eight males within the age range of 23 – 31 years old. The second group was 15 drug addicts and was comprised of four females within the age range of 23 – 31 years old and 11 males within the age range of 22 – 44 years old who all under wentrehabilitation courses. The drug addicts used Amphetamine-like psychostimulant drugs.Each participant was examined three times with an inter test interval of one to two days. Three different lists of words were used.

The senior authors are grateful to Professor Sergey Tsikunov, Pavlov’s Department of Physiology, Institute for Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia who conducted clinical examinations of the subjects. Based on this assessment, participants were assigned either to the healthy volunteer group or the drug addicted group. Here we see that in each drug addicted male the learning curves differ from each other much more than those of the healthy male participants.Instead of a monotonous increase in trial values as the test continues,often these values decrease in the middle of the test—a concave curve or a convexity in the middle of the test, a convex curve, or even an S-shaped curve. Such a deviation in the location of points is a consequence of memory impairment under the influence of drug abuse. Thus, averaging over three tests is even more necessary in drug addicts than in healthy participants. The results presented here show how the model can be used to characterize the effect of marijuana on learning and memory.

This trend results in an encouragement to use and develop fibers that can be obtained or manufactured from renewable sources like natural fibers as a substitute for conventional synthetic fibers that are based on petroleum. Even cotton fiber is now considered as non eco-friendly fiber as it requires large quantity of chemicals, pesticides along with water. Unconventional natural fibers such as hemp, ramie, flax, sisal, kenaf, etc.can be used as an alternate to cotton and other synthetic fibers. These alternative fibers include banana fiber obtained from pseudo-stem of banana plant, pine apple fibers obtained from leaves, sugarcane fibers obtained from the sugarcane stalks, etc. and some other bast fibers obtained with almost no use of pesticides and chemicals include hemp, ramie, flax, sisal, kenaf, etc. . These fibers are present in abundance all over India but still neglected everywhere. These fibers have potential to become useful textile fibers. Along with abundant availability,these fibers possess characteristics like elegance in aesthetic appeal, comfort in wear and many other utility performances as peruse in different applications including clothing.Woven designed fabrics with eco-friendly fiber are more in demand.

Nowadays consumers are fashion and health-conscious so that they switch towards the eco-friendly fabrics. One of the most important aspects of clothing and apparels is comfort. Clothing comfort is mainly associated with three common aspects such as psychological, tactile and thermal. Psychological comfort is mainly related to the aesthetics of the clothing and fashion trends prevailing in a particular society and has no dependence on fabric’s properties quantitatively.It deals with the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of fabric. However, thermal comfort is a measure of fabric’s ability to maintain wearer’s skin temperature and deals with fabric’s transmission behaviors,namely thermal insulation or conductivity, water vapor or liquid water transmission and air permeability.In this research, efforts are being made to explore the possibilities of producing high-quality apparel fabric from unconventional natural fibers under industrial production environment. A comparative study was made on the low-stress mechanical properties, fabric hand and thermal comfort of banana, hemp, linen and ramie fabrics and their respective union fabrics with cotton. Union fabrics are the fabrics where the fiber content is different in the warp and weft direction. For this research, the four unconventional fibers namely banana, hemp, linen and ramie are used.

Cotton is used as reference fiber for comparison of respective fabric properties. Yarn samples of 30 Ne were developed from the above mentioned five fibers under industrial production conditions and accordingly used for fabric development. The moisture vapor diffusion rate through the fabric is determined using LABTHINKMVTR tester that works according to the simple dish method, similar to ASTM E96-80. The test sample is placed over a water dish having 33 cm2 area and 7.5 cm diameter. The test conditions were maintained at 80% humidity and38˚C temp inside the instrument. Dry air is circulated at an interval of 10 min. Avibration-free turntable platform that can accommodate eight dishes rotates atuniform speed. All dishes are exposed to the same average ambient condition during the test. The rate of moisture vapor loss is calculated in units’g/m2/24 hr. A higher MVTR value advocates a greater passage of moisture vapor through the material. The Kawabata Evaluation System was used to measure fabric low stress mechanical properties at standard conditions prescribed for apparel fabric.

KES system consists of four different modules for different testing e.g. KES-FB1 for tensile and shear tests, KES-FB2 for bending tests, KES-FB3 for compression properties testing and KES-FB4 for testing surface properties. Total 16 parameters describing fabric mechanical properties were evaluated from the instrumental outputs.The “primary hand values” contributing to specific comfort aspects of the fabric and then “total hand value” were calculated by the software using Kawabata equation. The air permeability of different unconventional fiber fabrics and their respective union fabrics with cotton were studied to ascertain their physiological comfort.The outcomes of the test are listed in Table 3. The results show that pure linen fabrics permit more air to pass through them, compared with pure cotton and all union fabrics. The trend is followed by hemp, ramie and then banana.The reason for higher permeability in case of pure fabrics of unconventional natural fiber fabrics can be attributed to less hairiness in these yarns due to longer fiber length than cotton. These fibers are smoother, circular and coarser than cotton fibers also favor an easy passage to air through the yarn. Also the larger diameter of banana yarn gives high cover of the fabric which prevents transmission of air through the banana fabric.

The 2011 Monitoring the Future Survey reported that there is an increase in American youth marijuana use and that there has been an attenuation of perceived risks associated with regular marijuana use . These trends highlight the importance of understanding the impact of marijuana on neural processing.Using fMRI Tapert et al.compared adolescent marijuana users and nonusers during a Go/No-Go task and found that users showed altered blood oxygen level dependent response during both Go and No-Gotrials even after 28 days of abstinence.This was interpreted as an increase in effort required to perform the task. Additionally,using a Stroop test,a measure of response inhibition,and fMRI,compared adult marijuana users and nonusers, with the users testing positive for recent marijuana use in a urine test. Consistent with,they found greater activation, in the users compared to nonusers,in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, they also found that users showed decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex.

These results were interpreted to suggest that the marijuana smokers used different cortical processes than nonusers to perform the task. In two more recent studies, results also illustrated that active marijuana users display greater levels of functional abnormalities than abstinent users in frontal, parietal and cerebellar brain regions as they performed other executive functioning tasks, including visuospatial working memory.Again, similar interpretations were suggested,including that marijuana users were required to recruit different neural pathways to perform the tasks and that exposure at a young age may increase the vulnerability to these effects. Despite these findings, further data is needed to more clearly specify and elaborate how early exposure to marijuana affects neural processing in young adult hood.An important requisite in this quest is a well controlled sample.The differences in neural activation in marijuana users are mostly due to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ,marijuana’s most active psychoactive ingredient,which acts as a ligand for human cannabinoid receptors.The wide distribution of these receptors in the human brain,with particularly high densities in the cerebellum, parts of the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and many regions of the neocortex,poses great concern for the maintenance of a healthy ability to cognitively process information.Considering the neurodevelopment that occurs during adolescence and young adulthood, specifically, prefrontal cortex development and the subsequent advancement of executive functioning,it is clear that understanding this neural impact of marijuana in youth is imperative.

Further understanding this impact was the goal of the present study.The Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study is an ongoing longitudinal investigation that was initiated in1978, with the primary objective of examining the effects of “soft” prenatal drug exposure on offspring. Children were followed from infancy to young adulthood where detailed information has been collected on their prenatal drug exposure, current and past drug use, cognitive/behavioral performance, and over 4000 lifestyle variables. Using this unique sample in combination with the powerful imaging technique, fMRI, and a well established Go/No Go task, the purpose of the present study was to determine if there was a significant relationship between brain activity and marijuana use and if this could be observed in young adults with relatively few years of exposure. Based on previous research where marijuana users and nonusers showed no differences in task performance,it was hypothesized that there would be no performance differences between groups for the present study. Despite this, marijuana users would require greater activation than controls in brain regions that typically demonstrate response inhibition in order to successfully perform the task, including the prefrontal cortex.

The most substantial differences in activation were found to be right lateralized in the premotor cortex and the middle frontal gyrus or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Response inhibition in healthy controls involves a distributed network that includes these areas as well as parietal areas.During response inhibition, the premotor cortex is involved in response competition and the preparatory process leading to correct initiation or suppression of movement . Given that there were non-significant behavioral differences in errors of commission between the two groups it is unlikely that this increased activation of the premotor cortex is related to increased motor responses in the users. Also,found that mostly left premotor cortex is involved during preparation to respond. Thus, the findings from the present study suggest that marijuana smokers may need to compensate by recruiting homologous contralateral areas in order to correctly initiate or suppress responses.

Additive scales demonstrated positive skew, so the natural logarithms of each were taken to normalize their distributions.The alpha coefficients ranged from 0.73 – 0.80 across the eight years.Studies have also found that patterns of marijuana use and depressive symptoms vary by several demographic characteristics. Thus, the following control variables were included in the model: family income and family structure.In addition,by the end of the observation period many respondents were young adults and a modest proportion had married, cohabited, or had a child. Since these life changes may affect the propensity to use marijuana or experience depressive symptoms, each year included dummy variables that indicated whether or not the respondent was married or cohabiting, or had a resident child. Finally, age was included in each model. Since preliminary analyses suggested that age had a quadratic association with depressive symptoms, both age and age-squared were included in the models.

Table 1 provides information about the distributions of all the variables used in the analysis. The standard deviations were decomposed into within-year and between-year components. Note that, for several of the variables, there was a similar degree of variability within and between years. The hypotheses were designed to compare four potential associations between marijuana use and depressive symptoms among young people. One of the hypotheses claimed that there are reciprocal associations between the two outcomes.Assessing reciprocal associations is complicated since the error terms of equations designed to predict two outcomes are not independent, thus failing to satisfy a key statistical assumption of most regression models. Another complication is that unobserved factors may confound any association between the two outcomes.In order to obviate each of these potential limitations, a fixed-effects regression model was estimated using an instrumental variables approach designed for longitudinal data. Fixed-effects regression adjusts for unobserved invariant factors and thus can reveal causal patterns among time-varying explanatory and outcome variables. The explanatory variables were each measured in the year prior to the outcome variables to better establish their causal ordering.For example, in the equation designed to predict marijuana use, depressive symptoms, stressful life events, self-esteem, self-efficacy and the other covariates were measured at time t − 1.

The results of the fixed-effects models are presented in Table 2.The coefficients represent within-person changes in the outcome variables for each one-unit change in the explanatory variables. In general, the results provided support for hypothesis 1 and failed to support the other three hypotheses. Eachone-unit increase in marijuana use was associated with a 1.75 increase in depressive symptoms relative to an individual’s average depressive symptoms score.Although stressful life events were also associated with changes in marijuana use and depressive symptoms, they did not attenuate the effects of marijuana use on depressive symptoms . In addition, there was no evidence from the empirical model that depressive symptoms led to changes in subsequent marijuana use, thus indicating that neither hypothesis 2 nor 3 was supported.The other results were consistent with previous research . Higher levels of self-esteem and self-efficacy were associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Peer substance use led to increases in marijuana use overtime. It was also associated with lower levels of depression, which may be indicative of how interpersonal associations, even with deviant peers, provide support that protects youth from issues of depression.Fixed-effects regression models assume that the effects of time-invariant factors,which are not directly estimated by these models, do not change over time. For example, variables such as gender and race/ethnicity are assumed to have the same influence on, say, depression and marijuana use regardless of the year or the age at which they are measured.

One way to test this assumption is to introduce interaction terms between time-invariant factors and time-varying explanatory variables. Since research has suggested that the effects of stress and family relations on marijuana use and depression may differ by gender,the models were extended to include interaction terms of each . The results of this robustness check indicated that no interactions attained statistical significance, thus further justifying the use of the fixed-effects approach. This study was designed to examine the association between marijuana use and depressive symptoms across a period of the life course, adolescence and young adulthood, when significant changes are occurring among individuals. Previous studies suggested that marijuana use and depressive symptoms may be associated in a unidirectional or a bidirectional manner; or their association may be explained by stressful life experiences or other factors that are unobserved inmost research studies.

This is also not surprising since the total amount of smoke ingested by users of both products is likely to be much greater than that ingested by respondents who smoke only marijuana.Tobacco and marijuana are similar in many respects so that the damage that these two products cause can be compared. Table 7 shows the proportion of explained variation that is due to tobacco and marijuana use for the age group 15 – 24. The first row in this table gives the values of the ln-likelihood function at baseline; that is when no regressors are used. The next rows display the ln-likelihood function as groups of regressors are added as explanatory variables. First demographic variables are included, then smoking variables, and finally the variables representing marijuana use. The proportion of the explained variation due to smoking is 62.2% and 66.1% for males and females,respectively. However, the proportions explained by marijuana use are much smaller at7.1% and 21.3% so marijuana use as a factor in self-reported physica health is much less important that tobacco use.

It should also be noted that in addition to the larger proportion of explained variation, which due to marijuana use it is also the case that both self-reported health measures are higher among regular marijuana users than for daily smokers. This result also holds for self-reported mental healthy though the difference between the effects of two substances is not nearly as great. This is not so surprising as it may appear; there is a literature, which deals with smoking and mental problems.Depression, anxiety, schizophrenia have been linked to cigarette smoking.Summarizing what we have found, the major health issue involving marijuana concerns teenagers and adolescents. It starts with this age group and often ends with it. Individuals who do not use marijuana before the age of 21 almost never use it. Its use is also more likely to be associated with males. Like most other researchers who have examined the health consequences of marijuana use, we find harmful effects on both physical and mental health that are persistent even if respondents are no longer users.The impression portrayed by the literature is that early and continued significant use is what matters.

Our results are consistent with these findings but are much less favorable towards marijuana use. It seems that given existing use habits of Canadian teenagers if they start using earlier than the age of 15 they will suffer for the rest of their lives even if they never use marijuana after the age of 21. On a more positive note we found that marijuana use explained less of the variation in self-reported health than that attributable to smoking tobacco for the age group 15 – 24, in spite of the fact that there more marijuana users than tobacco users in this age group. Male marijuana users under the age of 21 were almost 3 times as numerous as tobacco users. Marijuana is damaging health-wise but not as damaging as teenage tobacco smoking, the consequences of which as a society we have been able to manage.It would also seem that the likelihood of an epidemic of health problems emerging out of new marijuana regulations could be dramatically reduced if extensive educational programs in schools accompany legalization. Data from the 2012 Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey show that only five percent of respondents below the age of 21 think that regular use of marijuana is a health hazard. If this age group were better informed about the risks of cognitive impairment and psychological damage that arise with adolescent marijuana use its members might be less inclined to be users.

Anti-smoking campaigns have been very successful in reducing tobacco use among elementary and high school students. This shows up in our data as a lower rate of tobacco use. It is possible that marijuana usage could be also reduced in this age group if more information is made available.The implication for drug policy that comes from these results is that marijuana legalization should be facilitated through a set of institutional arrangements which limit access to marijuana for all individuals under the age of 18. Adolescents need to be encouraged not to use marijuana and strict government control over its production and distribution is needed to protect them. Price, THC content, and advertising also have to be regulated. At a more general level public policy should promote caution and awareness of the harmful consequences of marijuana use. Data from a total of 43 marijuana smokers and 22 non-smokers were used in this study. None of these 65 individuals reported smoking tobacco products. Due to the novelty of this work, subjects were not restricted based on body mass index or dietary intake. That said, individuals who were using certain medications which are known to impact the outcome measures of the investigation were excluded. Subjects were recruited into the study through the use of flyers and online announcements.

The patient’s past medical history included Type 1 diabetes mellitus,gastroparesis, and hypertension. Her social history was significant for daily marijuana use, but she denied alcohol and tobacco. Upon the current admission, the patient denied chest pain, headaches, shortness of breath, back pain, and diarrhea. The patient also stated that nothing aggravated or relieved the symptoms. Vitals were as follows: Blood pressure 153/110mmHg, Pulse 95 beats/min, temperature 98.9°F, respiratory rate 15 breaths/min,and SpO2 100% on room air. A physical exam revealed an alert, awake, and oriented female with dry mucus membranes, diffuse abdominal pain, and bilateral mild tingling sensation in lower extremities. Her vomiting was bilious and sometimes mixed with blood. Cardiac and lung examinations were unremarkable.The patient’s social history, clinical presentation, vital signs, and labsat admission supported the diagnosis of CHS and are depicted in Table 1. The patient left the hospital against medical advice and was discharged on haloperidol5 mg by mouth every 8 hours. The patient was given instructions regarding the diagnosis, expectations, follow-up, and return precautions.

Unfortunately,despite counseling, the patient was not amenable to cannabis cessation at that time. She was also counseled on the importance of therapy adherence and following up with her primary care physician. Reports of CHS in patients have increased over the years, despite the syndrome’s increasing prevalence, many physicians are unfamiliar with its diagnosis and treatment . This under-recognition may be due to the paradoxical use for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, the stigma associated with cannabis use,and the illegal status of cannabis in some areas leading to under-reporting of use.The frequency of emergency department visits and high hospital admission rates for CHS exemplify the difficulty in symptom management . The lack of knowledge and treatment recommendations regarding CHS compounds this issue.We report the first case of recurrent acute cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome successfully treated with haloperidol given both intramuscularly and orally. The Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale was utilized to assess the probability that the hyperemesis was related to cannabinoid use, and a total score of 6 was obtained.Diagnosis is determined through receiving a detailed medication history and a comprehensive physical examination.

In a recent systematic review conducted by Sorensen and colleagues, the following diagnostic characteristics and frequency of each were found: history of regular cannabis use for over one year, severe nausea and vomiting ,vomiting that recurs in a cyclic pattern over months, resolution of symptoms after stopping cannabis, compulsive hot baths/showers with symptom relief , male predominance, abdominal pain , at least weekly cannabis use, history of daily cannabis use , and age less than 50 at time of evaluation. With >10 years of self-reported cannabis use, our patient experienced the following symptoms: severe nausea and vomiting that has recurred over many months in a cyclic pattern.Haloperidol is a drug primarily used for sedation, behavioral agitation, and asan antipsychotic. However, haloperidol has been used as an antiemetic for years,particularly in the anesthesia, general surgery, and oncology literature .Haloperidolis a butyrophenone antipsychotic that non-selectively blocks postsynaptic dopaminergic D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. The CTZ is located in the medulla oblongata and is exposed to toxins in the blood stream,which triggers vomiting. The mechanism of action of haloperidol’s antiemetic effects in CHS is unknown. The medication may decrease nausea and vomiting by blocking the dopamine receptors in the CTZ, thus reducing input to the medullary vomiting center. Early administration of haloperidol in acute episodes of CHS may reduce symptoms, minimize the time in the emergency room,and reduce the rate of hospital admissions .

These reported cases have been summarized in Table 4. In 5 out of the 6 reportedcases,haloperidol was given intramuscularly only, and in one case, the route of administration was not provided . Also, interestingly only one of the cases was a woman and our case makes two. In a recent analysis synthesizing findings from case reports found that men were overwhelmingly more likely to be diagnosed with CHS relative to women. However, this sex discrepancy may reflect heavier cannabis use reported among men relative to women, rather than a sex-specific sensitivity to this adverse effect of cannabis. More studies are warranted to research these findings.The main point from these six cases was that patients continued to have refractorynausea and vomiting with standard antiemetics. However, once given doses of haloperidol, the patients experienced a clinically significant improvement in their symptoms. And like the other cases, our patient received a multitude of other antiemetics without the relief of symptoms and it was only when she was treated with IV haloperidol followed by oral did her symptoms subside.

Since cysteine synthase was inhibited in vivo and in vitro by AOA and Boc-AOA, and because there was no major difference in phytotoxicity of the two compounds in these young plants, apparently the N-t -butoxycarbonyl group does not alter the activity of the AOA molecule. An exception however, was the greater growth reduction caused by Boc-AOA plusA. cassiae compared to the AOA plus A. cassiae treatment. Furthermore, these chemicals had no apparent interactions with C. truncatum and A. cassiae efficacy on their respective weed hosts.The increase in extractable cysteine synthase activity in sicklepod following infection by A. cassiae, may be related to defense mechanisms of this weed against this pathogen.There may be some inherent differences in the overall action of AOA and Boc-AOA, but it is not possible to tell from these results and the scope of this study. It is also not known if Boc-AOA is converted to AOA by enzyme hydrolysis of the substituted amide bond by these plants and their respective pathogens.A herbicidal analog of AOA, benzadox, is thought to be metabolized in planta to form AOA .

Also interesting is the naturally occurring compound irpexil, a herbicidal compound produced by the basidiomyceteIrpex pachyodon.This compound has structural features analogous to AOA and the herbicide benzadox.Benzadox is an inhibitor of alanineaminotransferase,but the mechanism of action of irpexil, is unknown.Benzadox has been shown to be metabolized in plants to produce AOA . Similar compounds such as aryl-substituted α-aminooxy carboxylic acids are also phytotoxic and act as auxin transport inhibitors. AOA has been tested as a synergist with C. coccodes a bioherbicide of velvet leaf. However, AOA was found to be inhibitory to the growth of this fungus on PDA in Petri dishes, when applied together with the fungus, or if applied via vacuum infiltration on velvetleaf leaves and furthermore, no synergy was observed in those studies.Although the interactions that we found during these experiments resulted in no major synergistic effects, novel information was generated on the important enzyme CS and on AOA interactions with two bioherbicides that have received major attention as weed control agents.The incorporation of plant materials to soils, with the objective of maintaining or improving fertility for the subsequent crop, is known as green manuring.

The inclusion of a legume fallow within a sugarcane cropping cycle is practiced to reduce populations of detrimental soil organisms,providing nitrogen through biological fixation for weed suppression . Interest in the use of green manure’s biomass has revived because of their role in improving soil quality and their beneficial N and non-N rotation effects . Because of its nitrogen fixation potential, legumes represent an alternative for supplying nutrients, substituting or complementing mineral fertilization in cropping systems involving green manuring. This practice causes changes in soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics, bringing benefits to the subsequent crop both in small- scale cropping systems and in larger commercial areas such as those grown with sugarcane. The area cropped with sugar canein Brazil shows rapid expansion, with most of the increase for ethanol production. The area cultivated with sugar- cane is now 9.6 Mha, with an increase of 5 Mha from 2000 and over 8.6 Mha of fresh sugarcane harvested per year. Sugarcane crops in Brazil are replanted every five to ten years. In southeastern Brazil, the interval between the last sugarcane harvest and the new plantings occurs during the spring-summer season, under high temperature and heavy rainfall. According to the Köppen climate classification, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil has Cwa climate, i.e., humid sub- tropical, with dry winter and an average temperature in the coldest month below 18°C and the hottest month, exceeding 22°C. Green manure fertilization of the soil with legumes has been recommended before a sugarcane field is re- planted.

This practice does not imply on losing the crop- ping season, does not interfere with sugarcane germination, and provides increases in sugarcane and sugar yield, at least during two consecutive cuts.Additionally, it protects the soil against erosion, prevents weed spreading and reduces nematode populations. Legumes usually accumulate large quantities of N and K, the nutrients which are taken up in the highest amounts by the sugarcane plants. The use of the 15N isotope provides precise information about the dynamics of the nitrogen in the soil-plant system. Residue incorporation studies of legumes using 15N label indicate that 10% to 34% of the legume N can be recovered in the subsequent rye or wheat crop, 42% in rice, 24% recovery from Velvet bean by corn crop, around 15% of N recovery from sunn hemp by corn plants in no-till system, 30% by maize , and 5% of N recovery from sunn hemp by sugarcane , and ranged from 19% to 21% when the recovery was observed from sunn hemp by two sugarcane harvest . The authors suggested that legume residue decomposition provided long-term supply of N for the subsequent crops, by not supplying the nutrient as an immediate source.